'Imbeciles’ and ‘Illiberal Reformers’ by David Oshinsky New York Times Review of Books, March 14, 2016   This is a review of two books that provide a history of eugenics in America, including an analysis of the infamous case of Buck vs. Bell, a case in which the United States Supreme Court ruled that the forced sterilization of those deemed to be unfit by a state did not violate the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.  The Leonard book also provides an account of the perils of intellectual arrogance in dealing with the explosive social issues."           To Defend the Disposable George Weigel First Things, 12/21/14 This is a brief article that talks about the underlying eugenic impulses of some who support abortion.  The author uses the example of a paper published by the architect of the Affordable Care Act, Jonathan Gruber, when he declares that legalized abortion saved taxpayers $1.6 billion a year because those terminated before birth were from social classes most likely to be welfare clients.           Euthanasia is so Accepted that Doctors Must Now Justify Prolonging a Life Barbara Kay The National Post, January 28, 2015 This article raises concerns about a change in attitudes in the Netherlands ever since the adoption, in 2002, of the Dutch Euthanasia Law which appears to represent a shift  in the basis for euthanasia from self-determination to “better-off-dead” judgmentalism.  The article includes a brief summary of a new book by Dutch journalist Gerbert van Loenen, Do You Call This a Life? Blurred Boundaries in the Netherlands’ Right-to-Die Laws.         Building a Better Human Kate Luna, Maclean’s, 10/15/13 This article provides a summary of exactly how much of the human body can be created synthetically by current laboratory techniques.         San Francisco supervisor argues sex-selective abortion ban discriminate against Asian-American women, Bay City News, 09/10/2014 This is a report of a recent attempt in California to ban abortions performed solely on the basis of the sex of the child and the opposition to such a ban. In doing so, it exposes the confrontation between eugenic selection and so-called “reproductive choice.            Christianity and Eugenics: The Place of Religion in the British Eugenics Education Society and the American Eugenics Society, c.1907–1940 Graham J. Baker, The Social History of Medicine, May, 2014, 27(2) 271-302 This is a study of the impact of religious belief on members of the major eugenics societies of the early 20th century.     The Genomic Revolution and Beliefs about Essential Racial Differences: A Backdoor to Eugenics? Jo C. Phelan, Bruce G. Link, Naumi M. Feldman, The Social History of Medicine, April 1, 2013, 78(2) 167-191 There has been a steady stream of medical reports in recent years concerning the increased susceptibility to certain diseases because of race (diabetes, heart disease, certain cancers).  This article examines how these reports have contributed to reinforcing racial differences and the correlation between the central role beliefs in racial difference play in racism as well as the consequences for the future.     Ethical Concerns About Genetic Testing and Screening Rosemarie Tong i N C Med J. 2013 Nov-Dec;74(6):522-5    This article discussed concerns that the use of reproductive genetic testing and other uses of genetic information could lead to an acceptance of eugenics.           Avoiding genetic genocide: understanding good intentions and eugenics in the complex dialogue between the medical and disability communities. Miller PS, Levine RL. Genet Med. 2013 Feb;15(2):95-102. This article examines what is meant by what is “best” for people with disabilities. Eugenics campaigns, legal restrictions on reproductive and other freedoms,  and prenatal testing recommendations predicated on the lesser worth of persons with disabilities have all contributed toward the historic trauma experienced by the disability community, particularly with respect to medical genetics.           Inquiry into Abortion on the Grounds of Disability – a chance to remove discriminatory laws? Christian Meican Felowship (CMF) Administration CMG Blog. Org. UK February 4, 2013 A parliamentary study group in England confronts the inherent contradiction between the Abortion Control Act of 1969, which allows abortion for fetal disability up to the moment of birth (if the child is not disabled, the limit on abortion is 24 weeks), and the Equality Act 2010, which protects disabled people from discrimination.         Clauberg's Eponym and Crimes against Humanity Frederick Sweet, PhD and Rita M. Csapo-Sweet EdD, Israel Medical Association Journal, Vol. 14, December, 2012   Provides an overview of the medical crimes against humanity perpetrated by Dr. Carl Clauberg, who is best known for his cruel and deathly sterilization experiments on women at the Auschwitz-Birkenau Nazi concentration camp.           The Eugenic Impulse Nathaniel Comfort The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 12, 2012 Reviews history of eugenics attempts leading up to current attempts to drive human evolution.           Eugenics, Past and Future Op-Ed Ross Douthat New York Times Review, 6/9/12 The author poses the question of what use will be made of the newly discovered method (mapping the entire fetal genome) of obtaining comprehensive information an unborn child’s potential prospects.  The history of eugenics is mentioned as well as the current history of dealing with fetal abnormalities, where 90% of children diagnosed pre-birth with Down’s Syndrome are aborted.           New Fetal Genetics Test: Less Risk, More Controversy Dana Farrington Health News from NPR June 07, 2012 Article cites potential problems that may result from more accurate genetic testing of unborn children, including leading some parents to have abortions and others to creating “designer” babies.           a)    Eugenics, genetics, and mental illness stigma in Chinese Americans Ahtoy J. WonPat-Borja, Lawrence H. Yang,  Jo C. Phelan, Soc Psychiatry, Epidemiology 2012 January 47(1) 145-156 This study examines the role of genetic beliefs in mental illness stigma in Chinese societies.            Interview with Paul Root Wolpe, Director of Emory University’s Center for Ethics; board member at the Victor Centers for Jewish Genetic Diseases by William Saletan The Atlantic, November, 2011, page 60 In the interview, Wolpe explains why he thinks it is justified to end the life of unborn children with abnormalities.         Psychiatric Genocide: Nazi Attempts to Eradicate Schizophrenia E. Fuller Torrey'.Robert H. Yolken, Schizophrenia Bulletin, vol. 36, no. 1, 2010 Explores the incidence and impact of the Nazi genocide of psychiatric patients.       Genetic Technologies and Ethics Ali M. Ardekani J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2009; 2: 11. This article reviews ethical issues presented by the use of new genetic technologies in the development of stem cells, cloning, gene therapy, genetic manipulation, gene selection, sex selection and preimplantation diagnosis particularly concerning human reproductive cloning, inheritable genetic modification and social trait selection as well as research into cloning and embryonic stem cell research using IVF embryos and medically-related genetic selection, somatic genetic enhancement and commercialization and commodification of human reproductive practices           Human Dignity in the Nazi Era: Implications for Contemporary Bioethics Donal P. O’Mathuna BMC Medical Ethics, 2006, 7:2 Analyzes the five beliefs central to social Darwinism for their influence on current discussions in medical ethics and bioethics.       Eugenics and the Misuse of Genetic Information to Restrict Reproductive Freedom: ASHG Statement by the Board of Directors of the American Society of Human Genetics, Am J. Hum Genet, 64: 335-338, 1999 Opposes public health programs that use genetic information to reduce the number of births of children with specific disorders. WARNING: This article does support the use of genetic information by private individuals to end the life of children in the womb. This position is NOT supported by the Human Family Research Center. The article states that “…for the majority of pregnancies it is not possible to make predictions about a future child’s health or other capacities. Misguided efforts to do so devalue humanity.” Yet it fully supports doing just that, as long as a government is not involved. The article is included to show the unfortunate acceptance of a eugenic attitude in current culture.

History of Eugenics in the United States
 

		Virginia to Compensate Victims of State's Forced Sterilization Program Christina Maza The Christian Science Monitor, February 27, 2015  (article includes a video)   Beginning in the 1920's until the mid-1970's, Virginia forcibly sterilized more than 8000 people.  This article reports on a recent decision of the Virginia legislature to compensate victims of this injustice.
		Gateway Website to Eugenics Sites created by students at the University of Vermont The sites cover compulsory sterilization in all 50 states, Nazi Murder of Disabled Children and Exhibits on Nazi Euthanasia Crimes
		The War Against Population: The Economics and Ideology of World Population Control by Jacqueline Kasun (Revised Edition) San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1999, 309 pp. Reviewed by Raymond J. Adamek, Ph.D on Oct 15,2013
		Federal Sterilization Policy: Unintended Consequences Susan P. Raine, JD, MD, LLM Virtual Mentor. February 2012, Volume 14, Number 2: 152-157 In the past, forced sterilizations violated the autonomy of vulnerable women. Today, measures intended to protect such women from the abuses of the  past may in fact hamper their autonomy in a different way.
		U.S. Scientists' Role in the Eugenics Movement (1907–1939): A Contemporary Biologist's Perspective Steven A. Farber Zebrafish. 2008 December; 5(4): 243–245. This article examines how biological and other scientific analysis was used to support eugenics policies.
		Better for all the World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America's Quest for Racial Harry Bruinius, 2006, Alfred A. Knopf Reviewed by Sally Satel The New York Times February 26, 2006
		Sterilized in the Name of Public Health: Race, Immigration, and Reproductive Control in Modern California Alexandra Minna Stern, PhD Am J Public Health. 2005 July; 95(7): 1128–1138. This article provides an overview of California’s nonconsensual sterilizations on patients in state-run homes and hospitals from 1909 to 1979, which resulted in over 20 000 of such sterilizations, or one third of the more than 60 000 such procedures in the United States in the 20th century.
		Les politiques eugénistes aux Etats-Unis dans la première moitié du XXe siècle (Eugenist Politics in the United States of America in the First XXth Half-century) Dominique Aubert-Marson Med Sci (Paris),2005 Mar;21(3):320-3. Reviews eugenicist policies of the United States, which was the first country to create create policies in the early part of the 20th century. Article is in French
		Nuremberg and Tuskegee: Lessons for Contemporary American Medicine David M. Pressel J Natl Med Assoc. 2003 December; 95(12): Examines the ethical problems of Nazi medicine and ethical missteps in the United States in the context of challenges for contemporary physicians, including the way patients are referred to.
		Making Better Babies: Public Health and Race Betterment in Indiana, 1920-1935 Alexandra Minna Stern, PhD., American Journal of Public Health, 2002 May, (92)5: 742-752 This article reviews the experience of Indiana, 1920-35 in its attempts to bring about race betterment. Indiana passed the first eugenic sterilization law to deal with what they perceived to be an “escalating menace of the feeble-minded.”
		Oregon's Governor Apologizes for Forced Sterilizations, Deborah Josefson, British Medical Journal, 12/14/02, 325 (7377), 1380 This article cites the 2648 people who were sterilized between 1923 and 1981 in Oregon because they were mentally ill, had epilepsy, were criminals, or were homosexual. The state also sterilized residents of reform schools and girls who were considered promiscuous.
		Eugenics movement reaches its height (1923) PBS People and Discoveries| Brief history of the Eugenics movement in the United States in the early part of the 20th century.
		Roots of Eugenics in America: Immigration Act [1907] In 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt signed an immigration act which excluded "idiots, imbeciles, feebleminded persons, epileptics, insane persons" from being admitted to the United States. History Central Network

Eugenics in Popular Culture
 

		Pig-Human Organs:  Policing the Moral Boundaries Dr. Anna Smajdor,  Bionews 856 6/20/16, This article discusses the moral implications of creating pig-human embryos chimeras for medical purposes.
		Oh, My Pop Culture Jesus: Orphan Black’s Missed Opportunity for Faith-Based Redemption syngraphea Lady Geek Girl and Friends Blog,  April 13, 2014   This entry is a blog essay that comments on an interesting issue presented by the BBC television show, Orphan Black, which involves human clones.  The series raises issues about the moral and ethical implications of human cloning and its effect on issues of personal identity. The question addressed in the blog post is whether human clones, if ever created, would be “cherished human lives with souls.”  The blog writer believes that religious views are misrepresented in this show.
		Eugenics in the Pop Culture Imagination Imagine 2050 blog by Domenic Powell This post reviews two movies released in 2013, The Great Gatsby and Star Trek: Into Darkness for their eugenic implications in the 21st Century.

Miscellaneous Challenges
 

Abortion & Down Syndrome: An Apology for Letting Slip the Dogs of Twitterwar, Richard Dawkins on his website, https://richarddawkins.net August 21, 2014. This is a statement by Richard Dawkins, evolutionary biologist and noted atheist regarding a tweet he sent on August 20, 2014, in which he recommended that a woman whose unborn child was diagnosed with Downs Syndrome should abort that child  if early in pregnancy because it “might actually be immoral from the point of view of the child’s own welfare.” Response to Richard Dawkins by Wesley Smith, attorney, author, bioethicist:

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